It was invented by Housam Roumi, and reached its height of popularity under Süleyman I the Magnificent (1520–1566). William Chittick explains the position of Sufism and Sufis this way: In short, Muslim scholars who focused their energies on understanding the normative guidelines for the body came to be known as jurists, and those who held that the most important task was to train the mind in achieving correct understanding came to be divided into three main schools of thought: theology, philosophy, and Sufism. It is known in Arabic as khatt Islami (خط إسلامي ‎), meaning Islamic line, design, or construction.. [49] The Naqshbandi order is a notable exception to general rule of orders tracing their spiritual lineage through Muhammad's grandsons, as it traces the origin of its teachings from Muhammad to the first Islamic Caliph, Abu Bakr. It is an explicit reference to a Medieval system of teaching involving political theology and lettrism. Sufi dancers, known in the West as whirling dervishes, twirl in circles in an effort to be close to God. Due to its straight and orderly style of lettering, Kufic was frequently used in ornamental stone carving as well as on coins. Hope you enjoy the video. Originally from Mecca, as-Senussi left due to pressure from Wahhabis to leave and settled in Cyrenaica where he was well received. Imam Shadhili also gave eighteen valuable hizbs (litanies) to his followers out of which the notable Hizb al-Bahr[166] is recited worldwide even today. The report stressed the Sufi role as moderate traditionalists open to change, and thus as allies against violence. Thus, practice of "techniques" is not the cause, but instead the occasion for such knowledge to be obtained (if at all), given proper prerequisites and proper guidance by a master of the way. Drawings With Meaning Minimalist Art Nature Art Painting Abstract Artwork Painting Calligraphy Art Persian Art Painting Persian Tattoo Beautiful Calligraphy Farsi Calligraphy Art. The persona of Muhammad has historically been and remains an integral and critical aspect of Sufi belief and practice. [54], The rise of Islamic civilization coincides strongly with the spread of Sufi philosophy in Islam. In the morning he taught hadith and tafsir, and in the afternoon he held discourse on the science of the heart and the virtues of the Quran. [196] He quotes Suhrawardi as saying that "this [Sufism] was a form of wisdom known to and practiced by a succession of sages including the mysterious ancient Hermes of Egypt. Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya or Rabia of Basra (died 801) was a mystic who represents countercultural elements of Sufism, especially with regards to the status and power of women. The Islamic Republic of Iran has harassed Shia Sufis, reportedly for their lack of support for the government doctrine of "governance of the jurist" (i.e., that the supreme Shiite jurist should be the nation's political leader). Although Sufis were opposed to dry legalism, they strictly observed Islamic law and belonged to various schools of Islamic jurisprudence and theology. Calligraphy’s lofty status. [13] Ibn Arabi believes that one may see God in the mirror of Muhammad, meaning that the divine attributes of God are manifested through Muhammad. The Tijaniyyah order attach a large importance to culture and education, and emphasize the individual adhesion of the disciple (murīd). This is the way primarily of the masters of the Naqshbandi and Shadhili orders. [53], Existing in both Sunni and Shia Islam, Sufism is not a distinct sect, as is sometimes erroneously assumed, but a method of approaching or a way of understanding the religion, which strives to take the regular practice of the religion to the "supererogatory level" through simultaneously "fulfilling ... [the obligatory] religious duties"[5] and finding a "way and a means of striking a root through the 'narrow gate' in the depth of the soul out into the domain of the pure arid unimprisonable Spirit which itself opens out on to the Divinity. The Qadiriyyah have not developed any distinctive doctrines or teachings outside of mainstream Islam. The persecution of Sufism and Sufi Muslims over the course of centuries has included acts of religious discrimination, persecution and violence, such as the destruction of Sufi shrines, tombs, and mosques, suppression of Sufi orders, and discrimination against adherents of Sufism in a number of Muslim-majority countries. This leaves us with the third domain of human existence, the spirit. My first design in a series of 3. Such a concept may be understood by the hadith, which Sufis regard to be authentic, in which Muhammad said, "I am the city of knowledge, and Ali is its gate. This is a particularly common practice in South Asia, where famous tombs include such saints as Sayyid Ali Hamadani in Kulob, Tajikistan; Afāq Khoja, near Kashgar, China; Lal Shahbaz Qalandar in Sindh; Ali Hujwari in Lahore, Pakistan; Bahauddin Zakariya in Multan Pakistan; Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer, India; Nizamuddin Auliya in Delhi, India; and Shah Jalal in Sylhet, Bangladesh. [186] Figures like Rumi have become well known in the United States, where Sufism is perceived as a peaceful and apolitical form of Islam. Sheikh Bawa Muhaiyaddeen tirelessly spent the rest of his life preaching, healing and comforting the many souls that came to see him. [114] In general, these subtle centers or latâ'if are thought of as faculties that are to be purified sequentially in order to bring the seeker's wayfaring to completion. [13] Ibn Arabi believes that God's attributes and names are manifested in this world and that the most complete and perfect display of these divine attributes and names are seen in Muhammad. Larger variations called djali are filled with dense decorations of dots and diacritical marks in the space between, giving it a compact appearance. Diwani is a cursive style of Arabic calligraphy developed during the reign of the early Ottoman Turks in the 16th and early 17th centuries. The appearance and development of calligraphy in Islam are subject to the idea of a similarity between the universe and man: they both are texts in the direct meaning of the word; they are a combination of well-ordered phonetic or graphic characters. [105] Sufism leads the adept, called salik or "wayfarer", in his sulûk or "road" through different stations (maqaam) until he reaches his goal, the perfect tawhid, the existential confession that God is One. Sufi music is the devotional music of the Sufis, inspired by the works of Sufi poets, like Rumi, Hafiz, Bulleh Shah, Amir Khusrow and Khwaja Ghulam Farid.. Qawwali is the best-known form of Sufi music, and is most commonly found in the Sufi culture in South Asia. [201], Abraham Maimonides' principal work was originally composed in Judeo-Arabic and entitled "כתאב כפאיה אלעאבדין" Kitāb Kifāyah al-'Ābidīn (A Comprehensive Guide for the Servants of God). The Golden Sufi Center exists in England, Switzerland and the United States. [190] For example, the Chinese and Russian[191] governments openly favor Sufism as the best means of protecting against Islamist subversion. See more ideas about turkish art, sufi, calligraphy art. If I am a heretic, enlarge my heresy". "desiring the knowledge of knowing God and loving God".[175]. It’s called “The Wise Fool of Baghdad”. ", "Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt's Deadliest Terrorist Attack", "Saif ed-Din Bokharzi & Bayan-Quli Khan Mausoleums", "Mourides Celebrate 19 Years in North America", "Fassiyathush Shazuliya Tariqa | Madurai-Tamil Nadu-India", "MUSLIM NETWORKS AND MOVEMENTS IN WESTERN EUROPE", "Islamic verses / The influence of Muslim literature in the United States has grown stronger since the Sept. 11 attacks", "The Forty Rules of Love by Elif Shafak – review", "Exhibition of Paintings by Farkhananda Khan at Sufi Festival", "Pakistan's Sufis Preach Faith and Ecstasy", Sufism, Sufis, and Sufi Orders – Sufism's Many Paths, Extensive photo Essay on Sufism by a National Geographic photographer, A Survey Of Decisive Arguments And Proof For Tasawwuf – Sufism in Islam, Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī, Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī, Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām, Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī, Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī, List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam, Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sufism&oldid=999272436, Articles with incomplete citations from February 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017, Articles containing Persian-language text, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2020, Articles that may contain original research from July 2017, All articles that may contain original research, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī (, Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-, Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya), Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya), Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī, Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya), Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya), Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī, Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya), Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī, Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam), Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh), Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī), Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī, Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī, Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī, Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī, Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī, Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī, Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī, Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī, This page was last edited on 9 January 2021, at 09:57. Ikhwans (Murids - followers) of the Shadhiliyya are often known as Shadhilis. His refusal to recant this utterance, which was regarded as apostasy, led to a long trial. 1-28). [117], The devotional practices of Sufis vary widely. Historically, Sufi Saints permitted and encouraged it, whilst maintaining that musical instruments and female voices should not be introduced, although these are commonplace today. Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili (died 1258), the founder of the Shadhiliyya order, introduced dhikr jahri (the remembrance of God out loud, as opposed to the silent dhikr). Many Sufi believe that to reach the highest levels of success in Sufism typically requires that the disciple live with and serve the teacher for a long period of time. Abdul-Qadir Gilani (1077–1166) was a Mesopotamian-born Hanbali jurist and prominent Sufi scholar based in Baghdad, with Persian roots. In Sudan, for instance, artworks include both Islamic calligraphy and West African motifs.The hurufiyya art movement was not confined to painters and included artists working in a variety of media. This approach entails strict adherence to the way of Muhammad, in the understanding that this wont, or sunnah, proposes a complete devotional spirituality adequate to those without access to a master of the Sufi way. It is also necessary for the seeker to have a correct creed (aqidah),[119] and to embrace with certainty its tenets. O Saadi, do not think that one can treat that way of purity except in the wake of the chosen one. [citation needed]. Thus, the Sufi path leads to non-being, loss of self, and passing away in the Beloved. [66], Two of al-Ghazali's greatest treatises are the Revival of Religious Sciences and what he termed "its essence", the Kimiya-yi sa'ādat. [51] The Nizari Ismaili tradition in particular has long had a strong connection to Sufism. [5] Traditional Sufi orders during the first five centuries of Islam were all based in Sunni Islam. Sufi whirling (or Sufi turning) (Turkish: Semazen borrowed from Persian Sama-zan, Sama, meaning listening, from Arabic, and zan, meaning doer, from Persian) is a form of physically active meditation which originated among certain Sufi groups, and which is still practiced by the Sufi Dervishes of the Mevlevi order and other orders such as the Rifa'i-Marufi. [104] This poem is still widely recited and sung amongst Sufi groups and lay Muslims alike all over the world. [citation needed], In the eleventh-century, Sufism, which had previously been a less "codified" trend in Islamic piety, began to be "ordered and crystallized" into orders which have continued until the present day. The seeker must also be trained to prevent the corruption of those good deeds which have accrued to his or her credit by overcoming the traps of ostentation, pride, arrogance, envy, and long hopes (meaning the hope for a long life allowing us to mend our ways later, rather than immediately, here and now). The Bektashi were closely affiliated with the Ottoman Janissaries and are the heart of Turkey's large and mostly liberal Alevi population. For other uses, see, "Sufi" redirects here. The name ta'liq means "hanging," and refers to the slightly sloped quality of lines of text in this script. Although the academic tradition of Islamic calligraphy began in Baghdad, the center of the Islamic empire during much of its early history, it eventually spread as far as India and Spain.Coins were another support for calligraphy. These two explanations were combined by the Sufi al-Rudhabari (d. 322 AH), who said, "The Sufi is the one who wears wool on top of purity. Al-Ghazali narrates in Al-Munqidh min al-dalal: The vicissitudes of life, family affairs and financial constraints engulfed my life and deprived me of the congenial solitude. My servant never ceases drawing near to Me through supererogatory works until I love him. He was imprisoned for 11 years in a Baghdad prison, before being tortured and publicly dismembered on March 26, 922. Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi founded this movement due to his criticism of the Egyptian ulema. In most other Muslim-majority countries, attacks on Sufis and especially their shrines have come from adherents of puritanical and revivalist Islamic movements (Salafis and Wahhabis), who believe that practices such as visitation to and veneration of the tombs of Sufi saints, celebration of the birthdays of Sufi saints, and dhikr ("remembrance" of God) ceremonies are bid‘ah (impure "innovation") and shirk ("polytheistic"). On the one hand there is the order from the signs to the Signifier (or from the arts to the Artisan). [127] While variation exists, one description of the practice within a Naqshbandi lineage reads as follows: He is to collect all of his bodily senses in concentration, and to cut himself off from all preoccupation and notions that inflict themselves upon the heart. This state of affairs lasted for ten years, but whenever I had some spare and congenial moments I resorted to my intrinsic proclivity. "[100] Attar of Nishapur claimed that he praised Muhammad in such a manner that was not done before by any poet, in his book the Ilahi-nama. He was a Prophet while Adam was between water and clay, and his elemental structure is the Seal of the Prophets. Traditional Islamic scholars have recognized two major branches within the practice of Sufism and use this as one key to differentiating among the approaches of different masters and devotional lineages.[110]. Learn more. Rumi states, "I 'sewed' my two eyes shut from [desires for] this world and the next – this I learned from Muhammad. Sufi definition: 1. a member of an Islamic religious group that tries to become united with God by living a simple…. Prominent Sufi leader Hasan of Basra is said to have castigated himself before her superior merits and sincere virtues. 99 names of allah Wall art print with meaning. Junayd al-Baghdadi (830–910) was one of the great early Sufis. Look out for previews and photographs! And likewise the prophetic tradition: "The most favored level of faith is to know that God is witness over you, wherever you may be". Meaning of calligraphy : '' Either appear as you are, or be as you appear'' handmade Calligraphy in Whirling Dervish form. For instance, the doctrine of "subtle centers" or centers of subtle cognition (known as Lataif-e-sitta) addresses the matter of the awakening of spiritual intuition. The ink is often in color and chosen so that its intensity can vary greatly, creating dynamism and movement in the letter forms. The shape is greatly influenced by Chinese calligraphy, using a horsehair brush instead of the standard reed pen. ", "Listening to Islamic Songs with Musical Instruments", "Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan : National Geographic World Music", "Popular Sufi leader in Morocco dies aged 95", "Confreries: A Crossroads of Morocco's Literary and Spiritual Diversity", "Pakistan's Sufis defiant after Islamic State attack on shrine kills 83", "88 dead, 343 injured in Sehwan shrine explosion: official data", "Sehwan blast: Death toll reaches 90 as two more victims succumb to injuries", "Who Are Sufi Muslims and Why Do Some Extremists Hate Them? [125], Some Sufi orders stress and place extensive reliance upon dhikr. The basic idea in this practice is to visualize the Allah as having been written on the disciple's heart.[126]. It is a customary dance performed within the sema, through which dervishes (also called semazens, from Persian سماعزن) aim to reach the source of all perfection, or kemal. Historically, Sufis have often belonged to different ṭuruq or "orders" – congregations formed around a grand master referred to as a wali who traces a direct chain of successive teachers back to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Many other terms that described particular spiritual qualities and roles were used instead in more practical contexts. Sufi circles for the most part, consisted of artists from different domains, so that a large number of them practiced the art of calligraphy (Schimmel, 1992, pp. See Sefer Hammaspiq, "Happerishuth", Chapter 11 ("Ha-mmaʿaḇāq") s.v. Artists working in this style use calligraphy as a graphic element within contemporary artwork.The term, hurifiyya is derived from the Arabic term, harf for letter. [75], Between the 13th and 16th centuries, Sufism produced a flourishing intellectual culture throughout the Islamic world, a “Renaissance” whose physical artifacts survive. [40] Other practitioners have held that Sufism is the strict emulation of the way of Muhammad, through which the heart's connection to the Divine is strengthened. Revolving from right to left around the heart, the semazen embraces all humanity with love. From the extant surviving portion it is conjectured that the treatise was three times as long as his father's Guide for the Perplexed. 9 Pins • 57 Followers. 1389]). Traditionally, the term was charged with Sufi intellectual and esoteric meaning. Sheikh Nadjm ed-Din Kubra was among those killed by the Mongols. Al-Qushayri and Ibn Khaldun both rejected all possibilities other than ṣūf on linguistic grounds. Winter to Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali, Murad, Abdul Hakim. Hasan al-Basri, a tabi', is considered a "founding figure" in the "science of purifying the heart". Qadiriyya was his patronym. In Iraq, the movement was known as Al Bu'd al Wahad (or the One Dimension Group)", and in Iran, it was known as the Saqqa-Khaneh movement.Western art has influenced Arabic calligraphy in other ways, with forms such as calligraffiti, which is the use of calligraphy in public art to make politico-social messages or to ornament public buildings and spaces. Walī (Arabic: ولي‎, plural ʾawliyāʾ أولياء) is an Arabic word whose literal meanings include "custodian", "protector", "helper", and "friend. [32] Sufi orders are based on the bay‘ah (بَيْعَة bay‘ah, مُبَايَعَة mubāya‘ah 'pledge, allegiance') that was given to Muhammad by his Ṣahabah. Some teachers, especially when addressing more general audiences, or mixed groups of Muslims and non-Muslims, make extensive use of parable, allegory, and metaphor. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of "intuitive and emotional faculties" that one must be trained to use. It was the main script used to copy Qur'ans from the 8th to 10th century and went out of general use in the 12th century when the flowing naskh style become more practical. Beginning in 692, the Islamic caliphate reformed the coinage of the Near East by replacing Byzantine Christian imagery with Islamic phrases inscribed in Arabic. Mansur Al-Hallaj (died 922) is renowned for his claim, Ana-l-Haqq ("I am The Truth"). [35] Ali is regarded as one of the major figures amongst the Sahaba who have directly pledged allegiance to Muhammad, and Sufis maintain that through Ali, knowledge about Muhammad and a connection with Muhammad may be attained. Within Islamic culture, Islamic Calligraphy has usually involved the beautiful penmanship of Quranic verses. Muhaqqaq is a majestic style used by accomplished calligraphers. [citation needed] In many places a person or group would endow a waqf to maintain a lodge (known variously as a zawiya, khanqah, or tekke) to provide a gathering place for Sufi adepts, as well as lodging for itinerant seekers of knowledge. The word "Naqshbandi" (نقشبندی) is Persian, taken from the name of the founder of the order, Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari. They have spread westwards to Cyprus, Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Republic of Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and, more recently, to the United States, via Albania. Artists working in this style use calligraphy as a graphic element within contemporary artwork. It was considered one of the most beautiful scripts, as well as one of the most difficult to execute. [184]. Then, when I love him, I am his hearing through which he hears, his sight through which he sees, his hand through which he grasps, and his foot through which he walks. In this branch the seeker experiences divine attraction (jadhba), and is able to enter the order with a glimpse of its endpoint, of direct apprehension of the Divine Presence towards which all spiritual striving is directed. It derives its name from Abdul-Qadir Gilani (1077–1166), a native of the Iranian province of Gīlān. [13] Ibn Arabi regards that the first entity that was brought into existence is the reality or essence of Muhammad (al-ḥaqīqa al-Muhammadiyya). Persian calligraphy was mainly applied to inscriptions at the entrances of mosques, shrines and religious places and for writing religious texts. [83], The life of the Algerian Sufi master Abdelkader El Djezairi is instructive in this regard. Besides other Sufi orders, the largest contribution to the arts had been given by Mawlawis and Baqtashis (Aksel, 2010, p. xvi). Sufi Saints Islamic Paintings Art Art Inspiration Calligraphy Art Islamic Wallpaper Hd Sufi Mystic Painting Pictures “The sufi opens his hands to the universe and gives away each instant, free. [113], Sufism has contributed significantly to the elaboration of theoretical perspectives in many domains of intellectual endeavor. He lived and died in the city of Baghdad. He is referred to by Sufis as Sayyid-ut Taifa—i.e., the leader of the group. We’re working a new Sufi Comics book in collaboration with Artist friend Rahil Mohsin & Calligraphy Master Muqtar Ahmed. "[12] Sufis regard Muhammad as al-Insān al-Kāmil, the primary perfect man who exemplifies the morality of God,[13] and see him as their leader and prime spiritual guide. [26], Important contributions in writing are attributed to Uwais al-Qarani, Hasan of Basra, Harith al-Muhasibi, Abu Nasr as-Sarraj and Said ibn al-Musayyib. Ongoing efforts by both traditionally trained Muslim scholars and Western academics are making al-Ghazali's works more widely available in English translation, allowing English-speaking readers to judge for themselves the compatibility of Islamic Law and Sufi doctrine. [17] Sufis played an important role in the formation of Muslim societies through their missionary and educational activities. [97] Bayazid Bastami is recorded to have been so devoted to the sunnah of Muhammad that he refused to eat a watermelon because he could not establish that Muhammad ever ate one. ", Musical instruments (except the duff) have traditionally been considered as prohibited by the four orthodox Sunni schools,[129][135][136][137][138] and the more orthodox Sufi tariqas also continued to prohibit their use. "[36] Eminent Sufis such as Ali Hujwiri refer to Ali as having a very high ranking in Tasawwuf. Keywords: Islam, Sufism, sacred art, calligraphy, visions Forming Islamic calligraphy on the basis of sacred visions and their connection to Sufism It is known in Arabic as khatt Islami (خط اسلامي), meaning Islamic line, design, or construction.The development of Islamic calligraphy is strongly tied to the Qur'an; chapters and excerpts from the Qur'an are a common and almost universal text upon which Islamic calligraphy is based. He argued that Sufism originated from the Qur'an and thus was compatible with mainstream Islamic thought and did not in any way contradict Islamic Law—being instead necessary to its complete fulfillment. The members or followers of a tariqa are known as murīdīn (singular murīd), meaning "desirous", viz. He is the forefather of all Sufi orders. The practice of muraqaba can be likened to the practices of meditation attested in many faith communities. You are the guide of those who are passing through the Valley of Bewilderment. [155] Historically, a "belief in the miracles of saints (karāmāt al-awliyāʾ, literally 'marvels of the friends [of God]')" has been "a requirement in Sunni Islam."[156]. By pledging allegiance to Muhammad, the Sahabah had committed themselves to the service of God. Some[who?] In response, he issued this fatwa: "From the outward appearance he is to die and we judge according to the outward appearance and God knows better". Calligraphy from the Greek word kalligraphía (καλλος kallos "beauty" + γραφος graphos "writing") meaning beautiful writing plays an important role in Islam. [151][152][153], In Islamic mysticism, karamat (Arabic: کرامات‎ karāmāt, pl. Mevlâna Jalâluddîn Rumi says, "All loves are a bridge to Divine love. [180] Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi was later recognized as Emir of Cyrenaica[181] and eventually became King of Libya. This was disapproved of by traditional scholars. More generally, dhikr takes a wide range and various layers of meaning. Modern stylesIn the post-colonial era, artists working in North Africa and the Middle East transformed Arabic calligraphy into a modern art movement, known as the Hurufiyya movement. FacebookTwitterPinterest In modern scholarly usage the term serves to describe a wide range of social, cultural, political and religious phenomena associated with Sufis. The symbolic emblem of the Naqshbandi Sufi Order, Grave of Ma Yuanzhang, the Sufi Grand Master, in China, Allah's essence within a disciple's heart, associated with the Sarwari Qadri Order, Mirror calligraphy, symbolizing the Sufi Bektashi Order of the Dervish, Safaviyya star from ceiling of Shah Mosque, Isfahan, A symbol from the Mughal Empire: an amulet comprising magic squares, Quranic verses (including Al-Baqara 255 (Throne Verse) (2:255) running around the frame), and invocations to God, with a depiction of Zulfiqar at the center, Sufi mysticism has long exercised a fascination upon the Western world, and especially its Orientalist scholars. [128], The traditional view of the more orthodox Sunni Sufi orders, such as the Qadiriyya and the Chisti, as well as Sunni Muslim scholars in general, is that dancing with intent during dhikr or whilst listening to Sema is prohibited. [160][161][162][163], In Egypt, at least 305 people were killed and more than 100 wounded during the November 2017 Islamic terrorist attack on a Sufi mosque located in Sinai; it is considered one of the worst terrorist attacks in the history of modern Egypt. [10] These orders meet for spiritual sessions (majalis) in meeting places known as zawiyas, khanqahs or tekke. [208], Allama Iqbal, one of the greatest Urdu poets has discussed Sufism, philosophy and Islam in his English work The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Many Sufi personalities embraced calligraphy as a sacred practice, and as a vehicle for reflection on divine mysteries. Artists working in this style use calligraphy as a graphic element within contemporary artwork. These artists integrated Islamic visual traditions, especially calligraphy, and elements of modern art into syncretic contemporary compositions. Frager was a trained psychologist, born in the United States, who converted to Islam in the course of his practice of Sufism and wrote extensively on Sufism and psychology. The human being has been created with love in order to love. During these turbulent years, numerous astonishing and indescribable secrets of life were unveiled to me. Naskh translates to "copying," as it became the standard for transcribing books and manuscripts. Senussi is a religious-political Sufi order established by Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi. Traditionally, the term was charged with Sufi intellectual and esoteric meaning. This is sought through abandoning one's nafs, egos or personal desires, by listening to the music, focusing on God, and spinning one's body in repetitive circles, which has been seen as a symbolic imitation of planets in the Solar System orbiting the sun. The seeker remains aware that He is Present, Watchful, Encompassing of all, thereby exemplifying the meaning of his saying (may God bless him and grant him peace): "Worship God as though you see Him, for if you do not see Him, He sees you". That of the descendants of Adam orders during the 9th century, an influx of paper from China revolutionized.. Vow of obedience to the slightly sloped quality of lines of text in this period Sufi leader hasan Basra... Resist outside observation, such as George Gurdjieff, may or may not conform to the of. Highly subjective matters that resist outside observation, such as Ali Hujwiri refer to Ali as Sheikh the. Spiritual qualities and roles were used instead in more practical contexts scholar based in Sunni Islam primarily... Qutb which is one-third of the city of Baghdad regarded Ali as Sheikh Abdul Wahid Yahya Bukhara in modern Kufic. Roumi, and elements of modern art into syncretic contemporary compositions Junayd al-Baghdadi ( 830–910 was! 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