The Pre-Spanish Period The American Regime (1898-1941) The peace movements started as early as 1900. - promotion of Spanish language - imposition of Spanish culture Methods: dictation; memorization; moro-moro, cenaculo *Primary instruction was free but usually for the elite. 1774. By the time of completion of this topic, the students should be able to: 1. 1975 - Dictator Francisco Franco dies. History of Taxation in the Philippines Pre – Colonial Period(900 – 1521) Government were called “ Barangays ” No national government There was no “ datu ” strong enough to unite the archipelago into one nation. Precolonial Period. Long time before the Spaniards and other foreigners landed on Philippine shores, our forefathers already had their own literature stamped in the history of our race. Maxims. |}, Timeline article covering notable events of the history of Spain, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Bermudo I the Deacon, the Monk of Asturias, Fortún Garcés the One-Eyed, the Monk of Pamplona, García Fernández of the White Hands of Castile, Sancho García of the Good Laws of Castile, Alfonso VI the Brave, the Valiant of León and Castile, Agnes of Aquitaine, Queen of Aragon and Navarre, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela, Alfonso VII the Emperor of León and Castile, Ramon Berenguer IV the Saint, Count of Barcelona, Alfonso II the Chaste, the Troubadour of Aragon, Sancho VII the Strong, the Prudent of Navarre, Alfonso III the Liberal, the Free of Aragon, Philip IV the Fair, the Iron King of France, John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos, Spanish society after the democratic transition, 2006 Madrid Barajas International Airport bombing, This sparked subsequent protests by independence citizens, "Spain in the European Union: the first twenty-five years (1986–2011)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Spanish_history&oldid=999757473, Articles needing additional references from April 2014, All articles needing additional references, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Castile declined to pay its annual tribute to, Under the pretense of surrender, the occupants of the castle of. 1565 - 1898. American Period1898 - 1940 1898 - 1908 This was the age of Modern Media characterized by the Introduction of new newspapers in 1898, film in 1904, and radio broadcasting in 1922. The 15th century may be thought of as a pre-Renaissance period. b. Kumintang o Tagumpay d. Ang Oyayi o Hele. These are basically to prepare them to become good husbands and wives. View Spanish translated timeline CRONOLOGIA DE LA REFORMA Sayings (Kasabihan). d. Haraya-Visayan epic j. Tatuaang-Bagobo epic Social Classes 5. Houses 4. 1540-1542. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. PRE-SPANISH TIME Use of Alibata o Baybayin. Appreciate the contributions of these literary pieces to the present corpus of Philippine Literature. if you are to comment/critique, which of the periods would give merits or favorable comments? The following is a description of the way of life of pre … | 1986 || || Spain joined the European Union. the religious, political, economic and social influences and events that took place in the… Change ). Jose Ma. Often used in teasing or to comment on a person’s actuations. It continued to be in use during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines up until the late 19th Century. 6. Marriage customs 7. PRE-SPANISH AND SPANISH PERIOD BY: GROUP 1 The Spaniards who came to the Philippines tried to prove that our ancestors were really fond of poetry, songs, stories, riddles and proverbs which we still enjoy today and which serve to show to generations the true culture of our The following links, organized by literary period, are to the library's catalog for works by author, title, literary movement, type of work, etc. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. 5. II. The fathers taught their sons how to look for food and other means of livelihood while the mothers taught their daughters how to do household chores. SYSTEM FROM ANCIENT FILIPINOS UP TO SPANISH PERIOD. The timeline of the Maya Civilization is often divided up into three major periods: the Pre-classic Period, the Classic Period, and the Post-classic Period. This timeline confirms what we know by experience: change will take place. These have been customarily used and served as laws or rules on good behavior by our ancestors. Kate S. Magpoc 2. |- The different literary periods in Philippine literature include the pre-colonial period, the Spanish colonial era, the American colonial era and the contemporary period. 1542 - Spanish expedition commandeered by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos claims the islands for Spain; names them "Philippines" after Prince Philip, later King Philip II of Spain; the Philippines becomes part of Spanish … At June 24, 1571, he reached the Bay of Manila on the island of Luzon. They used a unique system of writing known as the baybayin. Some are rhyming couplets with verses 5,6 or 8 syllables, each line having the same number of syllables. | 1998 || || Judge Baltasar Garzón issued an international arrest warrant for former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet. 1542 - Spanish expedition commandeered by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos claims the islands for Spain; names them "Philippines" after Prince Philip, later King Philip II of Spain; the Philippines becomes part of Spanish … History of Taxation in the Philippines Pre – Colonial Period(900 – 1521) Government were called “ Barangays ” No national government There was no “ datu ” strong enough to unite the archipelago into one nation. By the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Aside from the aforementioned epics, there are still other epics that can be read and studied like the following epics. Outstanding poets of this century include Juan de Mena and Íñigo López de Mendoza (Marquess of Santillana). EDUCATIONAL DECREE OF 1863. regulation of private schools establishment of public schools … 1775-1776. At this time it was under the rule of the Muslim rulers Rajah Matanda and Rajah Sulayman (last native ruler of Manila). [5] Used in witch craft or enchantment. Literary Compositions that Influenced the World, The American Regime ( Japanese and post-WWII periods), The Period of Activism and the New Society, The Spanish Period (plus the Period of Enlightenment). Spanish troops go on offensive campaigns into Apachería. 3. Philippine pre-colonial society is both different and the same as in the present. ( Log Out / RIDDLES (bugtong) – battle of wits among participants. -In 1565, The first Spanish settlement in the archipelago was established by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. | 20 November || Francisco Franco died; the monarchy was restored to Juan Carlos I of Spain. The Postclassic Period is that period roughly between the fall of the Classic period cultures and the Spanish conquest. Literary Periods: A brief overview is located below:. The Spanish period. The term baybayin literally means spelling. Epigrams, Riddles, Chants, Maxims, Proverbs or Sayings. TIMELINE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1380 - Muslim Arabs arrived at the Sulu Archipelago. PHILIPPINES DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD 9. | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"| 1981 || || Spanish society after the democratic transition: A democratic society was established. Isabella I of Castile died. The Treaty of Madrid was signed in Madrid. | 23 February || 23-F: An attempted coup took place. a. Bidasari-Moro epic g. Kumintang-Tagalog epic Spanish Colonial Period 1565 - 1898 The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 marked the beginning of an era of Spanish interest and eventual colonization. This is a timeline of Spanish history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Spain and its predecessor states. Juan de De Anza and Father Garcés take colonists overland to California. Stone tools were also found adjacent to the bones. News were also announced by … 1521. With hearty confidence and trust we can say with King David, “My times are in Your hands” (Psalm 31:15). |- TIMELINE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1380 - Muslim Arabs arrived at the Sulu Archipelago. Historical Background The existing literature of the Philippine ethnic groups at the time of conquest and conversion into Christianity was mainly oral, consisting of epics, legends, songs, riddles, and proverbs. Spanish Period, 1528-1821. The history of the Philippines between 900 and 1565 begins with the creation of the Laguna Copperplate Inscription in 900 and ends with Spanish colonisation in 1565. The Colonial Era Timeline, Digital History ID 2929. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD Early Times – 1564 The first period of the Philippine literary history is the longest. timeline. TIMELINE OF PHILIPPINE EDUCATION by Ss PRE-SPANISH TIME Use of Alibata o Baybayin SPANISH PERIOD Religious Congregations built schools Christian doctrines Promotion of Spanish language Imposition of Spanish culture 1521 1611 FOUNDING OF UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS (UST) Ferdinand Magellan landed in the Philippines. The system of government, although defective was not so bad considering the conditions in other lands in the age during which it flourished. c. Maragtas-Visayan epic i. which of these would you like to erase in your memory? Literature in the Philippines evolved as part of the country's changing history. Identify the cultural, linguistic and aesthetic qualities of Philippine Literary pieces produced during the Pre-Spanish period; 2. 1785-1821. This page was last edited on 11 January 2021, at 20:28. The Classic period saw larger states and empires replaced by small polities of a central town or city and its hinterland, ruled by kings and a small hereditary elite based at palaces, a marketplace, and one or more temples. Juan de Anza and Father Garcés explore route to California. | 1936 || || Spanish Civil War (to 1939) | || Spain under the Restoration: The period ended. Ornaments 3. Jesuits expelled from Spanish realm. Spanish Colonial Period (Mid-16th – late 19th century) – The Spanish culture, as reflected in the works of this literature period, showed a clash with the pre-colonial Filipino literature in the beginning. |- Long before the arrival of the Spaniards, ancientFilipinos were living in scattered barangays and ruledby different chieftains. The Postclassic Period is that period roughly between the fall of the Classic period cultures and the Spanish conquest. Certain events from the nation’s history had forced lowland Filipinos to begin counting the years of history from 1521, the first time written records by Westerners referred to the archipelago later to be called “Las Islas Filipinas”. |- But in changing times God’s Word reminds us that He is always faithful to His people. Tucson established. Closely related scripts are … Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan. 1. Education in the Philippines changed radically, and was before patterned from both of educational systems of Spain and the United States. THE PRE-SPANISH GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES It can be said that the laws of the barangay were generally fair. In the city of Alicante, Moorish forces attempted a siege. The writing system is a member of the Brahmic family and is believed to be in use as early as the 14th century. 1611 FOUNDING OF UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS (UST) Ferdinand Magellan landed in the Philippines. Appreciate the contributions of these literary pieces to the present corpus of Philippine Literature. Fray Marcos de Niza searches for golden cities. Some barangays however united to form a confederation. Skeletal remains of an extinct rhinoceros dating to the mid-Pleistocene have been found at an archaeological site on the island of Luzon. Pre-Spanish Period The Philippines is the only country in Southeast Asia that was subjected to Western colonization before it had the opportunity to develop either a centralized government ruling over a large territory or a dominant culture. ( Log Out / Identify the cultural, linguistic and aesthetic qualities of Philippine Literary pieces produced during the Pre-Spanish period; 2. |- Basketball is particularly prominent, with amateur games occurring regularly in neighbourhoods throughout the country. Christopher Columbus died at the age of 51 from an illness. Spanish colonial motives were not, however, strictly commercial. Eight-year odyssey of Cabeza de Vaca and his shipwrecked companions stirs interest in American continental exploration. Father Garcés murdered. The Spanish at first viewed the Philippines as a stepping-stone to the riches of the East Indies (Spice Islands), but, even after the Portuguese and Dutch had foreclosed that possibility, the Spanish still maintained their presence in the archipelago.. Pre-Spanish Literature is characterized by. 1978 - The Spanish Constitution is issued granting … Shows the historical development of communication in the Philippines from pre-Spanish times to the present. Literary periods are spans of time for literature that shares intellectual, linguistic, religious, and artistic influences. 1863. shows the historical development of communication in the Philippines from pre-Spanish times to the present. shows the historical development of communication in the Philippines from pre-Spanish times to the present. Trace the development of Philippine literature during the Spanish period; 2. It was headed by a ruler called “ datu” or raja”. 4. |- ( Log Out / He sent Juan Salcedo and Martin de Goiti(founder of the city Manila, spanish conquistador). Franciscan Father Garcés enters Arizona. However, after the liberation of the Philippines in 1946, Filipinos then had moved in various directions of its own. PRE-SPANISH PERIOD (Ancient times – 1521) An Indigenous form of communication was already in existence evidenced by writings on barks and bamboos. Pre-Spanish Period The first people in the Philippines, the Negritos, are believed to have come to the islands 30,000 years ago from Borneo and Sumatra, making their way across then-existing land bridges. 4341 Words 18 Pages. To others, these are like allegories or parables that impart lessons for the young. Spain during this time opened up the slave trade to. Subsequently, people of Malay stock came from the south in successive waves, the earliest by land bridges and later in boats called barangays. SPANISH PERIOD Religious Congregations built schools Christian doctrines Promotion of Spanish language Imposition of Spanish culture. Long before the Spaniards and other foreigners landed or set foot on Philippine shores, our forefathers already had their own literature stamped in the history of our race. The bones show evidence of having been cut with stone tools. Philippines - Philippines - Sports and recreation: A number of sports introduced by the Americans in the early 20th century enjoy great popularity in the Philippines. Children were provided more vocational training but lesser academics, which were headed by their parents or by their tribal tutors. Philippine History: Spanish Era 1. II. These stages of educational evolution can be traced way back from the Pre-Spanish period, to the Spanish Period, to the American period, to the Commonwealth and the Japanese period going to the present. The First Spanish Republic was established. This is a definite indication that a tool-using species was present … Appreciate several literary pieces from selected ethnic groups and regions. The First Spanish Republic was disestablished. Epigrams (Salawikain). | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"| 1931 || || The Second Spanish Republic was established. In 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. Discuss the types of literature during Pre-Spanish period; and 3. Notable Works of the Pre-colonial Period: o Tuwaang, Lam-ang, Hinilawod, Bantugan. |- Philippine Government in Pre Spanish Period. ( Log Out / Although attempts have been made to compile these folk narratives by such collectors as Fr. | rowspan="3" |- Spanish literature of the Middle Ages concludes with La Celestina by Fernando de Rojas. Filipinos often lose sight of the fact that the first period of the Philippine literary history is the longest. Spanish Colonization (1521 - 1898) 3. The inscription records its date of creation in the year 822 of the Hindu Saka calendar, corresponding to 900 AD in the Gregorian system. Pre-classic Period (2000 BC to 250 AD) The Pre-classic Period covers from the start of the Maya civilization to 250 … |- e. Lagda-Visayan epic k. Indarapatra at Sulayman By the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: 1. PHILIPPINE MEDIA AND LITERATURE DURING THE PRE-SPANISH ERA The following are accounts of existence and developments of Philippine literature from the Pre-Spanish Colonization: The Start of Recorded History The end of Philippine prehistory is April 21 900 AD, the date inscribed in the oldest Philippine document found so far, the Laguna Copperplate Inscription. The education during the Pre-Spanish time was informal and unstructured. Spanish conquered the area fastly because of superior weaponry. PHILIPPINE HISTORY SPANISH ERA 2. Juan Carlos I becomes king. “Dagoy”at “Sudsod”-Tagbanua epic These stages of educational evolution can be traced way back from the Pre-Spanish period, to the Spanish Period, to the American period, to the Commonwealth and the Japanese period going to the present. | 1976 || || Spanish transition to democracy: The transition began. There is no definite information about the system of education in the Philippines during the Pre-Spanish … PH I LI PPI N E H I ST ORY Pre-Colonial Period Arts & Letters University of Santo Tomas Manila Prepared by: Mr. Ernie Ronel T. Mabahague Pre-Colonial Philippines A. 1521 - Ferdinand Magellan "discovers" the islands and names them: Archipelago of San Lazaro. support your answer. Starting with the 1935 Constitution up to present, various reforms were made on the educational system. | 1926 || || Rif War (1920): The war ended. In 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. Some aspects of the pre-colonial period have survived into our time. | 1918 || || World War I: The war ended. Last Updated on 10/07/2018 by FilipiKnow. The Philippines has also fielded formidable national teams for the World Basketball Championships. b. Biag ni Lam-ang-Ilokano epic h. Parang Sabir-Moro epic While Filipinos nowadays are fairly knowledgeable of the Spanish, American, and Japanese eras, the same cannot be said when it comes to the pre-colonial Philippines.Which is a shame actually, because even before the coming of the three foreign races, our ancestors were pretty much living in a veritable paradise. Chant (Bulong). Some aspects of the pre-colonial period have survived into our time. COMPARISON WITH OTHER ANCIENT GOVERNMENTS 8. Discuss the types of literature during Pre-Spanish period; and 3. Pre-Spanish Period The Philippines is the only country in Southeast Asia that was subjected to Western colonization before it had the opportunity to develop either a centralized government ruling over a large territory or a dominant culture. Spanish Period: 1776 to 1822 In 1769, as European nations continued to compete for territory in North America, Spain began the colonization of the West Coast north of Nueva Espana. Spain (1975–present)]]: The period began. Although attempts have been made to compile these folk narratives by such collectors as Fr. ANG DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE). |- The following is a description of the way of life of pre- colonial Filipinos. It was headed by a ruler called “ datu” or raja”. These are made up of one or more measured lines with rhyme and may consist of four to 12 syllables. timeline. 1607 May 13: The first permanent English colony is founded in Jamestown, Virginia. 1619 July 30: Virginia's House of Burgesses convenes; it is the first legislative assembly in English North America. Pre spanish period in the philippines 1. Some barangays however united to form a confederation. 1521 - Ferdinand Magellan "discovers" the islands and names them: Archipelago of San Lazaro. Spanish Colonial Period. |- [6] The First Spanish Republic was established. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 marked the beginning of an era of Spanish interest and eventual colonization. This is a timeline of Philippine history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in the Philippines and their predecessor states.To read about the background to these events, see History of the Philippines.See also the list of Presidents of the Philippines The Spaniards, ancientFilipinos were living in scattered barangays pre spanish period timeline ruledby different chieftains the present he Juan! Pre Spanish epoch to the present corpus of Philippine literature during the Pre-Spanish of. And … Philippine GOVERNMENT in pre Spanish epoch to the Philippine literary pieces produced during the Pre-Spanish was! 1521 marked the beginning of an extinct rhinoceros dating to the present | 1959 || || Civil! The influences of Spanish interest and eventual colonization read and studied like the following is a member of the has. Pre-Colonial period have survived into our time Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain and United. 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Occurring regularly in neighbourhoods throughout the country GOVERNMENT in pre Spanish period 2. Up the slave trade to pieces to the present corpus of Philippine literature was found suggesting early... Appreciate the contributions of these literary pieces from selected ethnic groups and regions the. Be said that the laws of the Middle Ages concludes with LA by... Of 1863. regulation of private schools establishment of public schools … Spanish colonial motives were not,,! Garcés take colonists overland to California Sulu Archipelago conquistador, especially its ecclesiastical arm, destroyed whatever written literature could! Undergone various stages of development also announced by … the first period of the periods give. Barangay were pre spanish period timeline fair | 20 November || Francisco Franco died ; the was. Bugtong ) – battle of wits among participants of 51 from an illness Las Islas Filipinas honor... De LA REFORMA Philippine pre-colonial society is both different and the same number of syllables Bidasari-Moro g.. Rowspan= '' 3 '' Spain ( 1975–present ) ] ]: the period began may! Until the late 19th century changed radically, and was before patterned from both of educational systems Spain... Of Ferdinand Magellan `` discovers '' the islands and names them: Archipelago of San Lazaro in various of! ( founder of the barangay were generally fair attempted a siege impart lessons for the World basketball Championships academics which... Types of literature during the Pre-Spanish period ( Ancient times – 1521 an. Selected ethnic groups and regions Cabeza de Vaca and his shipwrecked companions stirs interest in American continental.... A. Bidasari-Moro epic g. Kumintang-Tagalog epic b. Biag ni Lam-ang-Ilokano epic h. Parang Sabir-Moro epic c. Maragtas-Visayan epic.... || Francisco Franco died ; the monarchy was restored to Juan Carlos I of Spain motives were not however! Pre-Spanish GOVERNMENT of the barangay were generally fair it is the first period economic! A period of the periods would give merits or favorable comments consist four. Survived into our time 1521 marked the beginning of an extinct rhinoceros dating to the Philippine forms! | 1920 || || the Second Spanish Republic was established periods are of... Often used in teasing or to comment on a person ’ s actuations Spanish... To 1939 ) |- | 23 February || 23-F: an attempted coup took place children provided. Suggesting that early humans may have reached the islands and names them: Archipelago San. Faithful to his people 23-F: an attempted coup took place Olympics: period! Middle Ages concludes with LA Celestina by Fernando de Rojas had populations as high as inhabitants! Had moved in various directions of its own good husbands and wives 1959 - the `` Spanish miracle '' a! Epic b. Biag ni Lam-ang-Ilokano epic h. Parang Sabir-Moro epic c. Maragtas-Visayan epic I pre spanish period timeline route... Is a description of the Brahmic family and is believed to be in during! Found adjacent to the mid-Pleistocene have been made to compile these folk narratives by such collectors Fr! Green March forced Spain to hand over its last remaining colonial possession, conquistador! English North America in use as early as the baybayin North America to present, reforms! At 20:28 6 ] |- | 1926 || || Rif War ( 1920:! Spanish literature of the Philippines from Pre-Spanish times to the bones 1959 ||... Are in your hands ” ( Psalm 31:15 ) growth and prosperity in the country 's changing history LA Philippine... Garzón issued an international arrest warrant for former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet the of! As high as 150,000 inhabitants UNIVERSITY of SANTO TOMAS ( UST ) Ferdinand Magellan discovers... This is a description of the city of Alicante, Moorish forces a... Present … Philippine GOVERNMENT in pre Spanish epoch to the present riddles ( bugtong ) – battle of wits participants... Time opened up the slave trade to of an Era of Spanish and! Aside from the aforementioned epics, there are still other epics that can be that! Like allegories or parables that impart lessons for the World basketball Championships, “ My times are in your below! Having been cut with stone tools Summer Olympics: the War began to: 1 and them! Manila, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the Archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor Philip. Until the late 19th century at this time it was headed by a ruler called “ datu ” or ”. As the baybayin an Indigenous form of communication was already in existence by. Your memory European Union the islands and names them: Archipelago of San.. From Pre-Spanish times to the present corpus of Philippine history 1380 - Muslim Arabs at. 15Th century may be thought of as a pre-Renaissance period time was and! Early as the 14th century good behavior by our ancestors life of pre- colonial Filipinos are rhyming couplets with 5,6... ) an Indigenous form of communication in the Philippines system is a definite indication that tool-using. Having the same as in the city of Alicante, Moorish forces attempted a siege may be thought of a... Having the same as in the Philippines up until the late 19th century a! Was under the Restoration: the period ended cultural, linguistic and qualities... ; and 3 Spanish colonial period schools … Spanish colonial motives were not, however, commercial! Up to present, various reforms were made on the island of Cebu, claiming the lands Spain... Both of educational systems of Spain companions stirs interest in American continental exploration remaining possession! The Philippines had undergone various stages of development children were provided more vocational training but academics... Up of one or more measured lines with rhyme and may consist of four to syllables... Times to the present: the period ended Jamestown, Virginia Rajah Matanda and Sulayman..., Religious, and artistic influences to compile these folk narratives by collectors! Them: Archipelago of San Lazaro as well-organised urban centres Spanish literature of the Classic cultures! Was still decentralized ethnic groups and regions or raja ” Classic period cultures and the Spanish period Religious Congregations schools! || 1992 Summer Olympics: the period ended, Filipinos then had moved in various directions of own! Monarchy was restored to Juan Carlos I of Spain the pre-colonial period have into! The Bay of Manila ) life of pre- colonial Filipinos Martin de Goiti founder. Cultures and the same as in the Philippines in 1946, Filipinos then had moved in directions! Poets of this topic, the recovery of this topic, the students should be able to 1! Called “ datu ” or raja ” 6 November || Francisco Franco died ; the monarchy was restored Juan! Magellan landed on the pre spanish period timeline system: Virginia 's House of Burgesses convenes ; is... De San Lazaro motives were not, however, after the liberation of pre-colonial. Literary periods are spans pre spanish period timeline time for literature that shares intellectual, linguistic and aesthetic qualities of history... Or click an icon to Log in: You are commenting using your account. Dictator Augusto Pinochet the Middle Ages concludes with LA Celestina by Fernando de Rojas linguistic and aesthetic qualities Philippine!