vulture nest name

The previous article can be found here: Black Vulture – Nest Update 2. The head and neck are featherless and the skin is dark gray and wrinkled. Language Name Lore; French: Raidraptor - Vautour Nécro: Une fois par tour : vous pouvez Sacrifier 1 monstre "Raidraptor", puis ciblez 1 Carte Magie "Magie-Rang-Plus" dans votre Cimetière ; ajoutez-la à votre main, et aussi, vous ne pouvez pas Invoquer par Xyz le reste de ce tour, sauf avec un effet de Carte Magie "Magie-Rang-Plus". The final stages of this evolutionary transformation must have been witnessed by humans: a subfossil bone of the extinct species was found in a Paleo Indian to Early Archaic (9000–8000 years BCE) midden at Five Mile Rapids near The Dalles, Oregon. [43] Predation of black vultures is relatively unlikely, though eggs and nestlings are readily eaten if found by mammalian predators such as raccoons, coatis and foxes. Vulture Name: Date: They sometimes perform courtship flights, diving or chasing each other over their chosen nest site. American naturalist William Bartram wrote of the black vulture in his 1792 book Bartram's Travels, calling it Vultur atratus "black vulture" or "carrion crow". [57] It is listed as a species of Least Concern by the IUCN Red List. [1], The black vulture is considered a threat by cattle ranchers due to its predation on newborn cattle. [10], Vultures in south Asia, mainly in India and Nepal, have declined dramatically since the early 1990s. The name Bearded Vulture comes from the long black bristles under the bird’s chin. The black vulture lays its eggs on the ground in a wooded area, a hollow log, or some other cavity, seldom more than 3 m (10 ft) above the ground. [12] The government of India has taken very late cognizance of this fact and has banned the drug for animals. [58] The droppings produced by black vultures can harm or kill trees and other vegetation. [33] The feet are flat, relatively weak, and are poorly adapted to grasping; the talons are also not designed for grasping, as they are relatively blunt. The bases of the primary feathers are white, producing a white patch on the underside of the wing's edge, which is visible in flight. [47], The black vulture also occasionally feeds on livestock or deer. [6] Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire has been listed as the author in the past, but he did not publish any official description. Look for errors of capitalization, punctuation, spelling, and grammar. It is suspected that they died after eating the corpses of 3 elephants that were poisoned by poachers, possibly to avoid detection by the birds, which help rangers to track poaching activity by circling above where there are dead animals. vulture définition, signification, ce qu'est vulture: 1. a large bird with almost no feathers on its head or neck, that eats the flesh of dead animals 2…. [47] In areas populated by humans, it may scavenge at garbage dumps, but also takes eggs and decomposing plant material and can kill or injure newborn or incapacitated mammals. Although a common and widespread species, it has a somewhat more restricted distribution than its compatriot, the turkey vulture, which breeds well into Canada and south to Tierra del Fuego. Several species have a good sense of smell, unusual for raptors, and are able to smell dead animals from great heights, up to a mile away. Like other vultures, it plays an important role in the ecosystem by disposing of carrion which would otherwise be a breeding ground for disease. At the same time, they are also one of the largest southern African vultures with the lightest color as well. This same behavior is displayed by other New World vultures, Old World vultures, and storks. [49] The black vulture locates food either by sight or by following New World vultures of the genus Cathartes to carcasses. However, they are still not closely related to the other vultures. It occasionally harasses cows which are giving birth, but primarily preys on newborn calves. [60], The bird can be a threat to the safety of aerial traffic, especially when it congregates in large numbers in the vicinity of garbage dumps[61]—as is the case in the Rio de Janeiro Tom Jobim International Airport. This is largely due to the bushmeat trade, "it is estimated > 1 billion kg of wild animal meat is traded" and vultures take up a large percentage of this bushmeat due to their demand in the fetish market. [17] It filled the same ecological niche as the living form,[18] and indeed seems to have evolved into it by decreasing in size during the last ice age. The Nest, which was written ... Coon and Durkin spoke to Vulture about this scene, smoking, and how a couple’s power dynamics can be explored and upended by a … It is known to regurgitate when approached or disturbed, which assists in predator deterrence and taking flight by decreasing its takeoff weight. For example, the decline of vulture populations can lead to increased disease transmission and resource damage, through increased populations of disease vector and pest animal populations that scavenge carcasses opportunistically. [18], The conservation status of vultures is of particular concern to humans. Populations appear to remain stable, and it has not reached the threshold of inclusion as a threatened species, which requires a decline of more than 30% in ten years or three generations. American Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus). [33] It is generally silent, but can make hisses and grunts when agitated or while feeding. However, various eagles may kill vultures in conflicts and even the ornate hawk-eagle, a slightly smaller bird than the vulture, has preyed on adult black vultures. [42] Its flight is less efficient than that of other vultures, as the wings are not as long, forming a smaller wing area. An intensive long-term monitoring program carried out in Fuerteventura since 1998 revealed that this nest is still occupied by Egyptian Vultures. [48], In natural settings, the black vulture eats mainly carrion. [45] The black vulture is aggressive when feeding, and may chase the slightly larger turkey vulture from carcasses. The young remain in the nest for two months, and after 75 to 80 days they are able to fly skillfully. This bird is an Old World vulture, and as such is only distantly related to the New World vultures, which are in a separate family, Cathartidae, of the same order. [16], From the Early to the Late Pleistocene, a prehistoric species of black vulture, Coragyps occidentalis, known as the Pleistocene black vulture or—somewhat in error—the "western black vulture", occurred across the present species' range. [46] In South America, Argentinian and Chilean birds begin egg-laying as early as September, while those further north on the continent typically wait until October. The vultures swarm the calf in a group, then peck at the calf's eyes, or at the nose or the tongue. [15] The substantial drop in vulture populations in the continent of Africa is also said to be the result of both intentional and unintentional poisoning, with one study finding it to be the cause of 61% of the vulture deaths recorded. Vulture Scientific Name. These nest sites are typically much cooler (by 13°F or more) than surroundings, and isolated from human traffic or disturbance. Here, we'll break down everything you need to Like all New World vultures, the black vulture often defecates on its own legs, using the evaporation of the water in the feces and/or urine to cool itself, a process known as urohidrosis. [6] Vast numbers have been seen upon battlefields. Birds may also drop prey from the tall towers creating a dangerous situation for people below. [9], New World vultures also urinate straight down their legs; the uric acid kills bacteria accumulated from walking through carcasses, and also acts as evaporative cooling. This bare skin is thought to keep the head clean when feeding, and also plays an important role in thermoregulation. The Vulture's Nest (Table of Contents: 1) Spider-Man / comic story / 15 pages (report information) Script Mark Bernardo Pencils Bob Gordon Inks Bill Anderson Colors Mark Bernardo Letters Ken Lopez. The previous article can be found here: Black Vulture – Nest Update 8. The vulture's glyph is often shown attacking humans. [30] While it generally does not use any nesting materials, it may decorate the area around the nest with bits of brightly colored plastic, shards of glass, or metal items such as bottle caps. When a carcass has too thick a hide for its beak to open, it waits for a larger scavenger to eat first. 'Cinereous vulture' (Latin cineraceus, ash-coloured; pale, whitish grey), was a deliberate attempt to rename it with a new name distinct from the American black vulture. It was not an albino as its skin seemed to have had the normal, dark color and it was part of a flock of some twenty normally plumaged individuals. [41] Preferring lowlands, it is rarely seen in mountainous areas. December 18, 2020 at 7:50 AM. The vomited meal residue may distract a predator, allowing the bird to escape. [44] In areas where their ranges overlap, the black vulture will roost on the bare branches of dead trees alongside groups of turkey vultures. [15] "American black vulture" is also commonly used,[14] and in 2007 the South American Classification Committee (SACC) of the American Ornithological Society unsuccessfully proposed it to be the official name of the species. Comment dire vulture Anglais? A black vulture does not build a nest but uses a natural cavity such as a cave, rock crevice, tree or hollow log. A particular characteristic of many vultures is a bald head, devoid of feathers. [31] The legs are grayish white,[32] while the two front toes of the foot are long and have small webs at their bases. [1] It prefers open land interspersed with areas of woods or brush. Such a code however would not be enough to tell the adventurous story of the bird. It is the only extant member of the genus Coragyps, which is in the family Cathartidae. With a wingspan of 1.5 m (4.9 ft), the black vulture is a large bird though relatively small for a vulture. [30] The stance is believed to serve multiple functions: drying the wings, warming the body, and baking off bacteria. It is the only species of New World vulture which preys on cattle. [32], The black vulture soars high while searching for food, holding its wings horizontally when gliding. (retrieved from, Netzel, Christian and de Sá, Marcello Espinola Paraguassú (2004), "Multi-locus phylogenetic inference among New World Vultures (Aves: Cathartidae)", "New World vultures, Secretarybird, kites, hawks & eagles", "Proposal (259) to South American Classification Committee: Change English name of Coragyps atratus to "American Black Vulture, "Ecomorphological indicators of feeding behavior in Recent and fossil raptors", "Bird Remains from a Prehistoric Cave Deposit in Grant County, New Mexico", "New Information on the Late Pleistocene Birds from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico", "Catálogo de los ejemplares tipo procedentes de la Cueva de San Josecito, Nuevo León, México ("Catalogue of the type specimens from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, Mexico")", "The fossil avifauna of the tar seeps Las Breas de San Felipe, Matanzas, Cuba", Black Vulture, Life History, All About Birds – Cornell Lab of Ornithology, "Observations of plumage pigment aberrations of birds in Ecuador, including Ramphastidae", "Dominant culturable bacterial microbiota in the digestive tract of the American black vulture (, "Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act", "Vulture-Cattle Interactions – A Survey of Florida Ranchers", "Feces from a giant kettle of vultures is disrupting CBP communications on the US-Mexico border", Estudo preliminar sobre a problemática das aves para a segurança do aeroporto internacional Tom Jobim e o aterro sanitário de Gramacho, "Drowning in rubbish, Lima sends out the vultures with GoPros", Citizen science observations for Black vulture, Photography showing the skeletal structure of the black vulture, Live Streaming 24/7 Video of 2013 Nesting Pair of black vultures, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_vulture&oldid=1001051550, Native birds of the Southeastern United States, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 18 January 2021, at 01:04. Because it lacks a syrinx, the black vulture, like other New World vultures, has very few vocalization capabilities. [49] These vultures—the turkey vulture, the lesser yellow-headed vulture, and the greater yellow-headed vulture—forage by detecting the scent of ethyl mercaptan, a gas produced by the beginnings of decay in dead animals. The black vulture is gregarious, and roosts in large groups. A group of vultures is called a kettle, committee or wake. [46] Pairs are formed following a courtship ritual which is performed on the ground: several males circle a female with their wings partially open as they strut and bob their heads. Their nests were 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long, 40 cm (16 in) wide and 15 cm (5.9 in) deep. [40] Both parents incubate the eggs, which hatch after 28 to 41 days. [40] Clutch size is generally two eggs, though this can vary from one to three. Norman Thavaud est au cour d'une polémique pour avoir ironisé, dans son dernier one man show, sur le fait que le futur James Bond sera une actrice noire. It flaps in short bursts which are followed by short periods of gliding. [36] Its range includes the mid-Atlantic States, the southernmost regions of the Midwestern United States, the southern United States, Mexico, Central America and most of South America. ", "Catastrophic collapse of Indian white-backed, "Vultures and their People in India: Equity and Entanglement in a Time of Extinctions", "Trade of threatened vultures and other raptors for fetish and bushmeat in West and Central Africa", "Another Continental Vulture Crisis: Africa's Vultures Collapsing toward Extinction", "Priority areas for conservation of Old World vultures", "The avian scavenger crisis: Looming extinctions, trophic cascades, and loss of critical ecosystem functions", "Over 500 Rare Vultures Die After Eating Poisoned Elephants In Botswana", "More than 500 endangered vultures die after eating poisoned elephant carcasses", "Poachers' Poison Kills 530 Endangered Vultures in Botswana", "Botswana: Over 500 vultures found dead after massive poisoning", Vulture Conservation in Western Coast of India, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vulture&oldid=999075980, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 8 January 2021, at 10:46. Contrary to some accounts, they do not "projectile vomit" on their attacker in defense, but to lighten their stomach load to ease take-off. On a recent morning in the Magaliesberg mountains, Botha squinted into a telescope lens toward a Cape vulture colony on the rock ledges above, counting each occupied vulture nest and marking them on a laminated photo of the cliff ‘s face. [37] It is usually a permanent resident throughout its range, although birds at the extreme north of its range may migrate short distances, and others across their range may undergo local movements in unfavourable conditions. They also urinate on themselves as a means of cooling their bodies. [63], Black vultures are an important cultural symbol in Lima, Peru. This vulture also appeared in Mayan codices. Bearded Vultures have … Wake is reserved for a group of vultures that are feeding. While some of the glyphs clearly show the black vulture's open nostril and hooked beak, some are assumed to be this species because they are vulture-like but lack the king vulture's knob and are painted black. In the United States, birds in Florida begin breeding as early as January, for example, while those in Ohio generally do not start before March. A careful look at a vulture’s nest will give you an indication that, it is made up of a lot of debris of all kinds. They gorge themselves when prey is abundant, until their crops bulge, and sit, sleepy or half torpid, to digest their food. Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. One parent vulture was sitting on the buildings roof when we arrived. [20][21][22][23], "Re: How come that vultures can resist dangerous toxins when feeding on carcass", "Why is it a bad idea to scare a vulture? There are many anthropogenic activities that threaten vultures such as poisoning and wind energy collision mortality. & Boesman, P. (2017). The black vulture is a scavenger and feeds on carrion, but will also eat eggs or kill newborn animals (livestock such as cattle). Add a photo to this gallery Bad Moves is a real-life band, the name and members of which are the same. The African White-backed Vulture is an Old World vulture. Black vultures nest on the ground under some form of cover and in abandoned buildings. Silhouette of vulture in bare tree with a nest on the Serengeti plains in Tanzania, Africa. They also urinate on themselves as a means of cooling their bodies. [11] It has been found that this decline was caused by residues of the veterinary drug Diclofenac in animal carcasses. [43] The black vulture generally forages in groups; a flock of black vultures can easily drive a rival turkey vulture, which is generally solitary while foraging, from a carcass. If a vulture’s dinner has skin that is to thick, he waits for a larger animal to eat first. The mountain-dwelling bearded vulture is the only vertebrate to specialize in eating bones,[7] and does carry bones to the nest for the young, and it hunts some live prey. [5] French naturalist Emmanuel Le Maout placed in its current genus Coragyps (as C. urubu) in 1853. The tail is short and square, barely reaching past the edge of the folded wings. [11], The black vulture is basal (the earliest offshoot) to a lineage that gave rise to the turkey and greater and lesser yellow-headed vultures, diverging around 12 million years ago. [17], A recent study in 2016, reported that "of the 22 vulture species, nine are critically endangered, three are endangered, four are near threatened, and six are least concern". [40] It is also found in moist lowland forests, shrublands and grasslands, wetlands and swamps, pastures, and heavily degraded former forests. … [56] In the United States it is illegal to take, kill, or possess black vultures without a permit and violation of the law is punishable by a fine of up to US$15,000 and imprisonment of up to six months. En savoir plus. culture vulture définition, signification, ce qu'est culture vulture: 1. someone who is very interested in music, art, theatre, etc. White headed vulture standing in its nest and spreading its wings, critically endangered animal specie from Africa. On the day of its release, our young Griffon Vulture was ringed and became officially known as "CAT", a three-letter code found written on the plastic ring that was placed around its leg. So far, they have only appeared in the episode "Vulture's Nest". Welcome to the Tyger and Vulture gig page of the official IGN Wiki Guide and Walkthrough for Cyberpunk 2077. You can find them in rocky areas like land cliffs, mountain peaks, open grassland, arid savannah, and steppes. Turkey vulture perched next to a song bird nest box. The black vulture is a fairly large bird of prey, measuring 56–74 cm (22–29 in) in length, with a 1.33–1.67 m (52–66 in) wingspan. [34] The wings are broad but relatively short. [62], The black vulture can be held in captivity, though the Migratory Bird Treaty Act only allows this in the case of animals which are injured or unable to return to the wild. The term kettle refers to vultures in flight, while committee refers to vultures resting on the ground or in trees. However, recent DNA evidence suggests that they should be included among the Accipitriformes, along with other birds of prey. Instead, it is the informal name for many types of carrion-eating birds with similar characteristics. We report the size and density of an Egyptian Vulture population in Turkey and provide insight into its nest site selection patterns. Turkey Vultures nest in rock crevices, caves, ledges, thickets, mammal burrows and hollow logs, fallen trees, abandoned hawk or heron nests, and abandoned buildings. Nest Placement. [46], The black vulture lays its eggs on the ground in a wooded area, a hollow log, or some other cavity, seldom more than 3 m (10 ft) above the ground. It had white plumage overall, with only the tarsus and tail as well as some undertail feathers being black. Démonstration par contraposition de ''la racine carrée d'un entier positif qui n'est pas un carré est irrationnelle'' So, on release day, the young Griffon Vulture was named "Kostis", in appreciation of the life-saving work of vet Constantinos Antoniou. Many mechanisms may explain this resistance. [16], The vulture population is threatened across Africa and Eurasia. They rarely attack healthy animals, but may kill the wounded or sick. [22] The southern birds were of the same size as present-day northern black vultures and can only be distinguished by their somewhat stouter tarsometatarsus and the flatter and wider bills, and even then only with any certainty if the location where the fossils were found is known. They support vulture monitoring through vulture nest identification, nest sighting and mortality reporting within their property. Published on June 11, 2012 December 29, 2019 by DFWUW. [10] By their fourth edition, they had adopted the current name. BirdLife International Rufford Small Grants Conferences in Africa Zimparks See More. [13] However, it may take decades for vultures to come back to their earlier population level, if they ever do: without vultures to pick corpses clean, rabies-carrying dogs have multiplied, feeding on the carrion, and age-old practices like the sky burials of the Parsees are coming to an end, permanently reducing the supply of corpses. [2] German ornithologist Johann Matthäus Bechstein formally described it using this name in 1793. [30] They sometimes perform courtship flights, diving or chasing each other over their chosen nest site. [59] As a defense, the vultures also “regurgitate a reeking and corrosive vomit” that kills bacteria on the birds’ legs. “These colonies have been getting smaller over the years,” says Botha. Also goes by the name of Kolbe’s vulture, cape vultures are one of the largest vultures in the world. Thus, in 1968, Hildegarde Howard separated the Mexican birds as Coragyps occidentalis mexicanus as opposed to the birds from locations farther north (such as Rancho La Brea) which constituted the nominate subspecies C. o. [50] Their heightened ability to detect odors allows them to search for carrion below the forest canopy. In areas populated by humans, it also feeds at garbage dumps. The Old World vultures include 15 living species native to Europe, Africa, and Asia; and New World vultures are restricted to North and South America. The Vulture's Nest system was settled at some point during or prior to the Age of War and by the end of the Age of War was a part of the Apollo Province of the Rim Worlds Republic. Vultures are of great value as scavengers, especially in hot regions. [57], The black vulture appears in a variety of Maya hieroglyphics in Mayan codices. A turkey vulture weighs 6 pound and have a wingspan of 6 feet. [44], Like the turkey vulture, this vulture is often seen standing in a spread-winged stance. [3] The species name, ātrātus, means "clothed in black," from the Latin āter 'dull black'. Vultures are scavengers, meaning they eat dead animals. Due to its aggressiveness and size, few predators can threaten the fully-grown vulture. [43] In comparison with the turkey vulture, the black vulture flaps its wings more frequently during flight. [35], The black vulture has a Nearctic and Neotropic distribution. Above: nest of Egyptian Vulture as photographed on Fuerteventura Island by Harris (1901) in 1900. This observation is a continuation of an earlier post documenting observations made at an active Black Vulture nest. The Old World vultures found in Africa, Asia, and Europe belong to the family Accipitridae, which also includes eagles, kites, buzzards, and hawks. [30] The iris of the eye is brown and has a single incomplete row of eyelashes on the upper lid and two rows on the lower lid. (eds.). Some in South America breed even later than that—black vultures in Trinidad typically do not start until November, for example, and those in Ecuador may wait until February. A leucistic Coragyps atratus brasiliensis was observed in Piñas, Ecuador in 2005. The common name "vulture" is derived from the Latin word vulturus, which means "tearer" and is a reference to its feeding habits. Similarly, in Central Africa there has also been efforts to conserve the remaining vultures and bring their population numbers back up. [51] Black vultures have sometimes been observed removing and eating ticks from resting capybaras[52] and Baird's tapir (Tapirus bairdii) [53], Like other birds with scavenging habits, the black vulture presents resistance to pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins. [25] Weight for black vultures from North America and the Andes ranges from 1.6 to 3 kg (3.5 to 6.6 lb) but in the smaller vultures of the tropical lowlands it is 1.18–1.94 kg (2.6–4.3 lb). The parable of a political party is akin to that of a vulture’s nest. atratus. [23] As the Pleistocene and current black vultures form an evolutionary continuum rather than splitting into two or more lineages, some include the Pleistocene taxa in C. Published on April 30, 2012 December 28, 2019 by DFWUW. BirdLife Zimbabwe. [29] Its plumage is mainly glossy black. It inhabits relatively open areas which provide scattered forests or shrublands. [66], New World vulture found from the southeastern United States to Central Chile and Uruguay, Houston, D., Kirwan, G.M. & de Juana, E. However, in Spain Bearded Vultures are known as Quebrantahuesos, which is a mixture of Spanish and Portuguese meaning ‘which breaks bones’. Old World vultures find carcasses exclusively by sight. A vulture is a bird of prey that scavenges on carrion. [15], "Black vulture" has been designated the official name by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC). Both parents feed the chicks by regurgitating liquefied food, until when they are two weeks old, they give them solid food. [47] Both parents feed the nestlings, regurgitating food at the nest site. They do not build a nest, but lay their eggs in rocky crevices, tree cavities or hollow logs. They are the most widespread and common in Africa. The Vulture's Nest system is located near the Ambrose and Awyron systems. In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. Lacking a syrinx—the vocal organ of birds—its only vocalizations are grunts or low hisses. Unlike most birds, vultures do not build nest Can you find ten errors in the sentences below? It has black plumage, a featherless, grayish-black head and neck, and a short, hooked beak. The New World vultures and condors found in warm and temperate areas of the Americas are not closely related to the similar Accipitridae, but belong in the family Cathartidae, which was once considered to be related to the storks. A group of vultures that are feeding is termed 'wake'.[5]. [4], A group of vultures in flight is called a 'kettle', while the term 'committee' refers to a group of vultures resting on the ground or in trees. [26][27] 50 vultures in Texas were found to average 2.15 kg (4.7 lb) while 119 birds in Venezuela were found to average 1.64 kg (3.6 lb). [40] Upon hatching, the young are covered with a buffy down, unlike turkey vulture chicks which are white. It lays its eggs in caves or hollow trees or on the bare ground, and generally raises two chicks each year, which it feeds by regurgitation. Prononciation de vulture à 2 prononciations audio, 20 synonymes, 1 sens, 13 traductions, 2 les phrases et de plus pour vulture. 2 eggs are laid and are incubated by both parents for 38 to 45 days, each taking a turn every day. [33] It cools the blood vessels in the unfeathered tarsi and feet, and causes white uric acid to streak the legs. The smooth, gray-green, bluish, or white shell is variably blotched or spotted with lavender or pale brown around the larger end. [4], Veillot defined the genus Catharista in 1816, listing as its type C. They make their nests on cliffs and usually lay only 1 egg per year – they nest … Most vultures inhabit open country, often roosting in groups on cliffs, in tall trees, or on the ground. [38] In South America, its range stretches to Peru, central Chile and Uruguay. [54], It receives special legal protections under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 in the United States,[55] by the Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds in Canada,[56] and by the Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals in Mexico. It is usually seen soaring or perched on fence posts or dead trees. [28] The extended wing bone measures 38.6–45 cm (15.2–17.7 in), the shortish tail measures 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in) and the relatively long tarsus measures 7–8.5 cm (2.8–3.3 in).